Psychology Today
Do not say, you are psychologist if you never read psychology today
Dear Christopher Badcock, Ph.D, I am agree with you
IQ tests habitually hide sex differences in cognition
In a previous post, I drew attention to modern prudery about the reality of sex differences understood in terms of personal costs and benefits. But cognitive differences between the sexes are no less important, and here as elsewhere present-day PC prudishness shows itself in an attempt to conceal the truth.
The first, and in many ways most important fact—and one that may surprise many readers as it did me when I first found out about it—is that items showing large sex differences are always omitted from IQ tests such as the widely-used Wechsler. The result, of course, is that standard measures of IQ systematically obscure sex differences in intelligence—despite the fact that Wechsler himself commented that he had a “sneaking suspicion that the female of the species is not only more deadly than the male, but also more intelligent.”
But however that may be, males averagely do better in tests of mathematical reasoning (especially geometry and logic); embedded-figure tasks; target-directed motor skills (irrespective of practice); and some—but not all—spatial skills. For example, in tests of ability to visualize spatial rotation, men perform better than women, and although brain injury degrades performance of both sexes equally, testosterone greatly improves female performance. Boys always win the National Geography Bee (which tests children grades 4-8 in US schools on knowledge of places), and at college, male students can locate twice as many countries on unlabelled maps as can females. IQ tests omit items on mechanical comprehension, but US Air Force tests show a male effect size of 0.95 for this ability (which means that the average male performs better than about 80% of females).
In comparison, females are averagely superior to
males in tests of social judgment; empathy and co-operation; language
skills (such as finding synonyms, where the average woman can name twice
as many as the average man); perceptual speed (for example, finding
matching items); fine-motor co-ordination; pretend play in childhood;
and arithmetic. More generally, women exceed men in facial
expressiveness, interpretive skill, gazing, smiling, and expressiveness
of body language. A meta-analysis of many studies concluded that women
also exceed men on measures of anxiety, trust, tender-mindedness and
gregariousness, whereas men exceed women on assertiveness—a difference
which is invariant across ages, educational levels, and nations.
According to another meta-analysis, men are more aggressive and
restless, are more likely to lead groups, and to contribute more in
small groups. Women, by contrast, make greater social and emotional
contributions to groups and are more easily influenced by them.
Universally, women are also more religious than men (when they are
allowed to be), are less likely to take risks and indulge in violence,
and have superior ability to inhibit their impulses.
Although
routinely denied, disputed, and disparaged, these findings are
important because they suggest that male and female cognitive abilities
may not have evolved in exactly the same way and that the two
fundamental modes of cognition—mentalistic and mechanistic—are
also relevant to sex differences, with males being more mechanistic and
females more mentalistic (and indeed even hyper-mentalistic where the
issue of religion is concerned). This would immediately explain the
findings set out above as well as the cleverly-concealed sex differences
in intelligence.
Female intelligence, to put it simply,
is more mentalistic in quality thanks to women’s greater degree of
parental investment in particular and social adaptation in general. Men,
by contrast, turn out less mentalistic thanks to their lower levels of
parental investment but much higher degree of mating effort (the
10-times-married-man-having-10-times-more-children-than-a-10-times-married-woman
effect I mentioned in a previous post). In our primal hunter-gatherer
past, this would have amounted to a mechanistic kind of intelligence
more concerned with hunting, fighting, competing with other males, and
manufacturing the weapons and tools appropriate to these activities.
Men, to put it shortly, have minds more concerned with things, women
have mentalities more related to people, and the difference shows in
cognitive tests, whatever the testers may have wanted you to think.
http://www.psychologytoday.com
